Characterization,phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity of Bipolaris setariae associated with brown stripe disease on sugarcane in Yunnan,China

Brown stripe disease is a severe foliar fungal disease of sugarcane worldwide and is widespread in all sugarcane planting areas in China. Brown stripe is a major disease that seriously affects the output and quality of the sugarcane industry in Yunnan Province, China's second-largest sugar base, while the pathogen of this disease remains not yet fully understood. To address this, we isolated and identified the fungi associated with 68 leaf samples showing typical symptoms of brown stripe from 22 sugarcane varieties in different areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 113 isolates were obtained, which were morphologically similar. Of these, 64 representative isolates were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), GAPDH and EF-1α loci. All representative isolates grouped with the type strain of Bipolaris setariae in the phylogenetic trees inferred with individual and concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF1-α. Pathogenicity test results showed that B. setariae strains were able to induce typical symptoms of brown stripe. The results obtained in this study clarify that only B. setariae is associated with sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, China. It is recorded here for the first time as a pathogen causing sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, and it is able to infect many major cultivars and new varieties, posing a new threat to the sugar industry in Yunnan Province. In addition, these results provide the scientific basis for the future breeding of disease-resistant varieties and effective prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.     

Identification and distribution of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight of rice in the southern United States

Surveys were conducted in the five southern rice-producing states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri and Texas in the United States during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to determine the distribution and pathogenicity of fungal pathogens associated with seedling blight in rice. A total of 349 pathogenic fungal isolates were collected and identified as belonging to four genera: Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii and Marasmius graminum based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis and Koch's postulates. R. solani (252 out of 349 pathogenic isolates) was the most prevalent fungus isolated from diseased samples. Of the 252 pathogenic R. solani isolates, 245 were further classified as anastomosis group 11 (AG-11) and 7 as AG-4. Isolates of R. solani AG-4 and M. graminum were the most aggressive, with the highest stand loss (63% to 100%) and median disease rating (DR; 5.0), followed by isolates of R. solani AG-11 (stand loss = 4% to 100% and DR = 0.6 to 5.0), Fusarium spp. (stand loss = 26% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 5.0) and S. rolfsii (stand loss = 33% to 48% and DR = 2.0 to 3.0) in causing seedling blight in rice. R. solani (62% to 83% of total pathogenic isolates) and Fusarium spp. (10% to 24% of total pathogenic isolates) were predominant in all the five states surveyed. S. rolfsii and M. graminum were present only in Louisiana and Texas. The results of this first systematic survey of rice seedling diseases in the southern United States will help develop effective fungicide seed treatment strategies for control of stand loss caused by seedling blight, one of the major factors limiting rice production.     

昆虫病原线虫生物防控草地贪夜蛾的室内及田间效果和影响因素

联合国粮食及农业组织2018年向全球发布草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是重要的预警害虫。据报道,2019年我国已有26个省（区、市）的作物受到草地贪夜蛾为害。目前已经发现草地贪夜蛾幼虫对某些化学农药产生抗性的现象,为缓解其抗药性产生,具有主动寻找寄主害虫的昆虫病原线虫为草地贪夜蛾的生物防治提供了应用潜能。该文从昆虫病原线虫高效侵染种（品系）及其浓度、共生菌、草地贪夜蛾幼虫易感龄期、田间致死力及影响防控效果的因素等方面进行综述,以期为田间有效利用昆虫病原线虫防治草地贪夜蛾提供参考。     

外源ACC通过激活乙烯合成及信号转导诱导小豆抗锈性

大量研究表明, 乙烯可激发植物对死体营养型真菌的抗性, 但我们前期研究发现, 乙烯合成前体ACC可提高小豆对活体营养型真菌——锈菌的抗性, 为初步明确其机制, 本研究分析了ACC处理对小豆乙烯合成及信号转导的影响, 结果表明, ACC处理显著提高了乙烯合成基因VaACS1及信号通路关键基因VaEIN2?VaEIN3?VaERF5的表达水平?此外, ACC处理后再接种锈菌, 小豆锈病的发病程度显著降低?对接种锈菌后不同时间VaPR2和VaPR4的表达分析表明, 相比ACC处理后不接种对照, ACC处理后再接种锈菌的处理, 接种后1~5 d这两个基因表达量显著升高; 与水处理不接种锈菌相比, 水处理接种锈菌5~8 d后VaPR2和VaPR4的表达量虽显著上调, 但应答时间较ACC处理滞后, 且总体表达水平低, 表明ACC激活乙烯通路进而诱导防卫反应基因上调表达是其诱导小豆抗锈性的关键?     

昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中对天敌生物的影响研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是一类重要的微生物杀虫剂,广泛应用于农林害虫的生物防治。由于寄主范围广和主动侵染的特点,昆虫病原真菌在侵染、致死靶标害虫的同时,对包括天敌昆虫在内的非靶标节肢动物等会产生潜在的致病或亚致死风险。本文总结了昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中的研究进展及对天敌生物的影响,并展望了昆虫病原真菌作为极具潜力的生物农药与天敌生物联合防治害虫的未来发展方向。     

东北红豆杉内生真菌的鉴定-----新种和已知种及其代谢产物

从长白山自然保护区原始森林200多年生的东北红豆杉(TasxuscuspidateSiebetZucc.)的树皮中分离出94株内生真菌,鉴定出19种。其中,除10个新记录属种外,还包括2个新种:长线孢拟茎点(PhomopsislongiscoleosporuY.XiangetLuAnGuo,WuWenFang)和大孢盾壳霉(ConiothyriummacrospoumY.Xiang,LuAnGou,WuWenFang);1个新变种为紫杉链格孢[Alternariaalternata(Fr.)Keisslervar.taxiY.XiangetLuAnGuo];还有6个国内已知种:阿姆斯特丹散囊菌(EurotiumamstelodomiMgngin),匐散囊菌原变(EurotiumrepensdeBary),葡萄孢(Botrytissp.),桔青霉(PenicilliumcitrinumThom),黑附球孢(EpicoccumnigriumLinK),镰刀孢(Fusariumsp.)。用薄层层析技术,测定了各菌种发酵代谢产物,经筛选发现紫杉链格孢[Alternaria(Fr.)Keisslervar.taxiY.XiangetJ.X.Cui],葡萄孢(Botrytissp.),阿玛姆斯丹散囊菌(EurotiumamsteloodomiMgngin),匍匐散囊菌原变种(EurotiumrepensdeBary)4种内生真菌的代谢产物可与紫杉烷类物质显色剂——香草试液发生较明显的颜色反应,其中紫杉链格孢[Alternariaalternata(Fr.)Keisslervar.taxiY.XiangetJ.X.Cui]菌种的代谢产物中有一种含量较大的组分,还可与稀碘化铋钾生物碱试剂发生反应,该组分化合物经过光谱分析,为紫     

论攀西地区野生经济真菌生态习性及其与林业建设的关系

四川省攀西地区自然条件优越，植被类型多样，林地资源充足，茵物资源丰富，有着发展经济真菌的优越条件，特别是近年来的林业工程建设为野生经济真菌的生产提供了基本物质基础，为其扩大生产创造了条件。文章列出了该地区常见的有重要经济价值的食药用真菌（分别归入22科、36属）及其生态习性，指出在林业工程建设中应对经济真菌生产给予足够的重视，并提出了相应的策略。     

牡丹红斑病病原菌的研究

从8批次,512个样品中分离得到的优势菌株,对其形态特征、及其着 生方式进行显微检测,同时,进行生物学特性和致病性测定。鉴定出牡丹红斑病病原为枝孢霉（Cladosporium Paeoniae Pass)。该菌在山东地区为首次报道。     

在高寒地区樟子松育苗中应用外生菌根真菌的效应*

人工接种外生菌根真菌对高寒地区樟子松新播苗、移植苗的生长有明显的促进作用,苗高、地径、侧根数、干重和菌根化程度均比对照有较大提高。随着苗木生长期的延长,这种积极作用越显著。根据各项生长指标综合分析,筛选出的优良菌种为:臭红菇(Russula foetens)、牛肝菌(Boletus sp.)、血红铆钉菇(Gomphidius rutilus)。     

大力发展食用菌

论述食用菌生产的巨大现实意义,推行集约经营,规范生产技术,创业创新,争取规模效益,节约资源,开拓非木质原料等方面的发展对策。